Thyroid disorders are often thought of as adult conditions, but children can be affected too — from congenital hypothyroidism present at birth to autoimmune thyroid disease developing later in childhood.
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism is present at birth and affects approximately 1 in 3,000–4,000 newborns. It occurs when the thyroid gland is absent, underdeveloped, or unable to produce enough hormone.
Why it matters: Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development in infancy. Untreated congenital hypothyroidism can lead to intellectual disability and developmental delays. This is why most countries — including Nepal — screen newborns for thyroid function shortly after birth.
Treatment: Lifelong levothyroxine, started as early as possible, usually produces normal development if begun within the first weeks of life.
Autoimmune thyroid disease in children
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease can develop in childhood and adolescence, particularly during puberty.
Hashimoto’s is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in children. Symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, hair thinning, and poor growth or delayed puberty.
Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism and may present with weight loss, increased appetite, rapid heartbeat, tremor, anxiety, and in some cases, eye changes.
How thyroid disease affects growth and development
Thyroid hormone is critical for normal growth and brain development. In children, untreated hypothyroidism can cause:
- Slowed growth and short stature
- Delayed bone age
- Poor school performance and concentration
- Delayed puberty
Early diagnosis and treatment with levothyroxine usually allow normal growth and development to resume.
When to suspect thyroid problems in children
Consider thyroid testing if your child has:
- Unexplained fatigue or sluggishness
- Weight gain or difficulty gaining weight
- Constipation or dry skin
- Hair thinning or brittle hair
- Delayed growth or puberty
- Irregular periods (in adolescent girls)
- Rapid heartbeat, tremor, or anxiety (possible hyperthyroidism)
The bottom line
Thyroid disorders in children are treatable, but early diagnosis is essential for normal growth and development. If you suspect thyroid problems in your child, consult a paediatrician or endocrinologist promptly.
This article is for educational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional about your child’s specific situation.