Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It is one of the most common endocrine disorders — and one of the most treatable.
What the thyroid does
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck. It produces hormones (mainly T4 and T3) that control metabolism — how your body uses energy, produces heat, and regulates heart rate, weight and mood.
When hormone output falls, everything slows down. That is why hypothyroidism produces such varied symptoms.
Why does hypothyroidism happen?
The most common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis — an autoimmune condition where the immune system gradually damages the thyroid. Other causes include:
- Previous thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment
- Certain medications (lithium, amiodarone)
- Pituitary disorders (rare)
- Iodine deficiency (in some regions)
What symptoms should you watch for?
Hypothyroidism symptoms develop slowly and are easily mistaken for stress or ageing:
- Persistent fatigue and low energy
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Feeling cold when others are comfortable
- Constipation
- Dry skin and hair thinning
- Low mood or poor concentration
- Heavier or irregular periods
Because these symptoms are non-specific, a blood test — not symptoms alone — is needed for diagnosis.
How is it diagnosed?
A TSH test is the first step. An elevated TSH usually means the pituitary is working harder to stimulate an underactive thyroid. A free T4 test confirms whether hormone levels are low. Anti-TPO antibodies identify autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) disease.
How is it treated?
The standard treatment is levothyroxine — a synthetic version of the T4 hormone. It is taken once daily, usually on an empty stomach, and dosing is guided by repeat TSH testing.
Most patients feel better within weeks. Lifelong treatment is usually required, but with correct dosing and monitoring, hypothyroidism is very well controlled.
The bottom line
Hypothyroidism is common, often missed, and almost always manageable. If you have persistent unexplained symptoms — especially in combination — a simple thyroid blood test is worth discussing with a clinician.